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From Medieval to Modern Spelling in Spanish Literature

The Spanish language has changed radically during the last thousand years. At the beginning of the 11th century AD, Spanish literature began its journey as Muslims in Iberia wrote “jarchas” – a mixture of Arabic and Latin poetry. By the early 13th century, non-Muslim Christians in Spain and Portugal were writing many works in poetry and prose. In both countries, the language in these early Iberian texts was a synthesis of dialects of the previous conquerors: Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, Jews and Muslims. Alfonso X, the “wise” king of Portugal composed an exhaustive number of poetic literature, but most of these works are in Galician-Portuguese. In the fourteenth century, the writers of Spain composed most of their poetry and prose. The spelling of many Old Spanish words is erratic and confusing, but I have included a list of medieval-modern translated quotations and words from Old Spanish texts.

Try reading these quotes from two medieval Spanish texts:

1.Dixo Dina: – They said that there was a rich man in a city and he had a mugger very ‘beautiful and understanding.’ (Calila and Dimna, 15).

Modern spelling: Dijo Digna:- They say that there was a rich man in a city and he had a very ‘beautiful and understanding’ woman. Translation: Digna said: “They say that there was a rich man in a city, and he had a very beautiful and wise wife.”

2.El Cid sees that the king was not pleased. Partios de la puerta por Burgos aguijava, lego a Santa Maria then descalvaga, ‘finco los inojos de coracon rogavava. The oracion fecha then rode; I went out the door and (en) Arlancion passed. (The Poem of the Cid, 52-57).

Modern spelling: Ya lo ve el Cid that the king had no grace. He left the door for Burgos aguijaba, arrived at Santa María then descalbaga, hincó los inojos de corazón rogaba. The prayer made then rode; he went out the door and in Arlanción passed.

Translation: The Cid knew the king was angry. He left the gate, galloped through Burgos, straight to the cathedral of Santa Maria, where he dismounted from his horse. He fell on his knees and prayed from his heart. The moment his prayer was over, he left. He left the gate and crossed the Arlacion (river).

The basic spelling rules from medieval Spanish are grouped as follows:

vb: avere-(h)aber, (have); fablava-hablaba, (spoke) avia-(h)abia, (had);

fh: fablar-hablar, (to speak); fazer-hacer, (do, do); fasta-hasta, (until); fijo/a-hijo/a, (son, daughter); fallar-hallar,(find); fer-ser, (to be); fago-hago, (I do, do);

zc: fazer-hacer, (do, do); desire-decir, (say); plazer-placer, (will please). (The “z” gives words a “z” or “ts” sound).

qu-cu (at the beginning of the word): when-when, (when); qual-cual, (which, which); quanto-quanto, (quantity); quarter-quarter, (quarter); quarto-quatro, (four).

td (at the end of the word): maldat-maldad , (bad); verdat-verdad, (truth); cibdat-ciudad, (city); piedat-piedad, (pity).

xj: said-dijo, (said); Ximena-Jimena, (name for a woman); dexo-dejo, (Part). (The “x” makes a “sh” sound).

ss-s: passar-pasar,(pass the time, pass); vassals-vassals (vassals);

rr-r: rrico-rico, (rich), rrey-rey (king). (The two r’s at the beginning of a word make the “trill” sound).

l-ll: lorar-llorar (cries); lueve-lueve (rain); lover-llover (rain). The two LL together are pronounced as “y”.

The words that start with “de” were contracted to the words that today are separated:

Of it, of this, of it, of it, of that, of that;

mn before “b” or “p”: lumbra-lumbra, (light); canpos-campos, (fields); number-number (name).

uv: oluidar-olvidar, (to forget); auia-avia, (had); caualgar-cavalgar (to ride a horse).

Other words in medieval Spanish include:

now-now (now);

omne, ome, ombre-hombre (man);

mugger, muggier-mujer (woman, wife);

do-donde, (where); doquiera-dondequiera (where);

ca-causa (because);

no no;

no-no; (no).

This list is only a basic guide to the spelling of words in medieval Spanish literature. If you read all the Castilian literature between the 11th century and the 15th century, you probably won’t recognize all the words because there are an amazing number of different spellings. The spelling is erratic. In The Poem of My Cid, many words are scattered or missing. There are spaces between words, letters and accents; no wonder very few works were compiled during the 11th century. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the grammar used in poetry became much more stable, and the words more recognizable. The change in spelling also included minor changes in pronunciation and grammar. The prose followed a less erratic pattern of disjointed letters, accents, words; his sentences were much more complete.

At the end of the XVth century, the Renaissance that was born in Italy was adopted by Spanish culture. Many scholars believe that this cultural phenomenon began in 1492 when Elio Antonio de Nebrija wrote the first Spanish grammar book. The Grammar of the Castilian Language, which establishes standardized rules for Spanish spelling, pronunciation and grammar. At the same time, many literary works were created, such as: Amadís de Gaula, La Celestina, La Jaula de Amorthe poetic compositions of Jorge Manrique, the Marquis of Santillana, Íñigo López de Mendoza, and anonymous writers, too. Popular productions such as romances, songs and love songs were also written and sung. The majority of the works were written in “Early Modern” Spanish, because there were many words and sounds that had evolved from medieval Spanish; but this was about to change.

In the 16th century, the words of the writers began to resemble the way Spanish words are written today. Famous works like Lazarillo de Tormes were written, which broke the strange spelling of the Spanish vocabulary. In the 17th century, modern Spanish words are fully recognized in the famous work of Miguel de Cervantes. Don Quixote de la Mancha.

At this time, Spain also colonized parts of North America and all of Central and South America, except Brazil. Spanish became even more important as a language, not only for Spain, but for its colonies. Today, Spanish is spoken by 400 million people in more than 20 countries. Modern Spanish includes many more words, accents and dialects than all these countries that were affected by Spain.

The 11th century brought spelling changes to the Spanish language. Since the composition of The Poem of My Cid to the last publications of the 21st century by Spanish and Latin American authors, linguistic alterations have been documented through written literature. That being said, the Spanish language has evolved over time, probably more than any other Romance language, even perhaps most languages.

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