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Word Order in Swedish Statements: Verb Comes Second
One of the biggest problems with learning Swedish, especially for English speakers, is the order of words in sentences. Even near-fluent people sometimes get the word order wrong in Swedish, and for beginners this is really hard to get their head around. This kind of mistake sounds pretty bad to Swedes: no native Swede would do this, so it’s a very obvious clue that someone is not Swedish.
Compare these two English sentences:
1. I eat breakfast at 8 o’clock.
2. At 8 o’clock I have breakfast.
In number 1, the time (at 8 o’clock) is placed at the end. In number 2, time is placed in the beginning. Regardless of whether it is placed at the beginning or at the end, the “core sentence” (I eat breakfast / subject-verb-object) remains the same in terms of word order.
Now look at the same sentence in Swedish:
1. I eat breakfast at 8 o’clock.
2. Klockan 8 äter jag frukost.
From an English perspective, this seems strange. In number 1, the time is placed at the end, as in the English version. But in number 2, something happens when time is placed in the beginning. The word order of the “core sentence” has changed (äter jag frukost / verb-subject-object).
Instead of trying to remember to speak the core sentence backwards, many find it easier to think about the position of the verb: the verb comes second. Look at these sentences again:
1. I eat breakfast at 8. (subject-verb-object-tense)
2. Klockan 8 äter jag frukost. (tense-verb-subject-object)
In both sentences, the verb comes in the second position. And when I say second position, I don’t mean that the verb is the second word. Expressions of time, such as klockn 8 in the example above, can be short expressions of one word (först, sedan, nu, ibland), combinations of two words (på äkken, i går, nästa vecka) or even more (klockan fem i halv). nio på måndag morgon). However long or short they are, they are all expressions of time. And if you start a sentence with them, then the verb must come in second position later the expression of time.
The same goes for location expressions. They can be short (här, där, hemma), longer (i Sverige, hemma hos oss, på jobb) or really long (på soffan i slaarmeet hemma hos oss i Nottingham). Regardless, if you start a sentence with an expression of place, the verb must come in second position, as with expressions of time.
A good way to practice this is to actually model rhythm in which you speak. I have noticed that many English speakers have a natural rhythm when they speak these kinds of sentences in English. It goes something like this:
“It was me ………. stayed up late.”
“This weekend…….. let’s go.
“Tomorrow I…………. finish work early.”
The time/place and subject are said in one breath, followed by a natural pause as you find the verb, and then the sentence continues. If you apply the same rhythm while speaking Swedish, you will end up in trouble. And once you get to the verb, the damage is already done – the word order is wrong.
Instead, practice pausing right after the expression of time or place, and look for the verb. Then add the subject, and then continue. Like this:
“Tomorrow……(look for the verb)……….. jobbar jag… hela dagen.”
“I helgen ……..(look for the verb)………. ska vi… åka till London.”
“I köket……….(look for the verb)………. finns det… en extra stol.”
If you practice this slightly different flow and rhythm in your speech, you will enter a new way of constructing your sentences, and it will become easier to do well.
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